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Fannie Lou Hamer (; born Fannie Lou Townsend; October 6, 1917 – March 14, 1977) was an American voting rights activist, civil rights leader, and philanthropist. She was instrumental in organizing Mississippi's Freedom Summer for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and later became the vice-chair of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, which she represented at the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City, New Jersey. ==Early life== Hamer was born in Montgomery County, Mississippi, the youngest of her parents', Ella and James Lee Townsend's, 20 children.〔 Her family moved to Sunflower County, Mississippi in 1919 to work on the plantation of W. D. Marlow as sharecroppers. Hamer picked cotton with her family, starting at the age of 6. She attended school in a one-room schoolhouse on the plantation, from 1924-1930, at which time, she had to drop out.〔Chana Kai Lee. ''For Freedom's Sake: The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer''. University of Illinois Press, 2000, p. 6.〕 By the age of 13, Hamer could pick 200-300 pounds of cotton daily.〔Barnwell, p. (225 )〕 In 1944, after the plantation owner discovered that she was literate, Hamer was selected to be the plantation's time and record keeper. In 1945 she married her husband, Perry "Pap" Hamer.〔 They worked together on the plantation for the next 18 years.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Fannie Lou Hamer Biography )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Fannie Lou Hamer: Woman of Courage )〕 During the 1950s, Hamer attended several annual conferences of the Regional Council of Negro Leadership (RCNL) in the all-black town of Mound Bayou, Mississippi. The RCNL, a combination civil rights and self-help organization, was led by Dr. T. R. M. Howard, a civil rights leader and wealthy black entrepreneur. The annual RCNL conferences featured entertainers such as Mahalia Jackson, speakers such as Thurgood Marshall and Rep. Charles Diggs of Michigan, and panels on voting rights and other civil rights issues.〔David T. Beito and Linda Royster Beito, ''Black Maverick: T. R. M. Howard's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power'' (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009), pp. 199-200.〕 While having surgery to remove a tumor, in 1961 Hamer was also given a hysterectomy without her consent by a white doctor as a part of the state of Mississippi's plan to reduce the number of poor blacks in the state.〔〔Nelson, Jennifer (2003). ''Women of Color and the Reproductive Rights Movement''. New York: NYU Press. ISBN 0-8147-5827-4.〕 (Hamer is credited with coining the phrase "Mississippi appendectomy" as a euphemism for the involuntary or uninformed sterilization of black women, common in the South in the 1960s.) The Hamers later raised two impoverished girls, who they later decided to adopt. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fannie Lou Hamer」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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